To what extent is Of Mice and Men more effective t Essay Example For Students

To what extent is Of Mice and Men more effective t Essay han Rainman in giving us understandings of loneliness and friendshipSteinbecks novel Of Mice and Men cannot accurately be compared in effectiveness of its themes with the movie Rainman. The importance of each theme differs in both- in Steinbecks novel, loneliness is the most dominant theme, and in Rainman the major theme is friendship. Levinson and Steinbeck both do a brilliant job at showing the major themes in both materials to the greatest of their potential, and the minor themes are somewhat overpowered because of this. One extremely clever way that Steinbeck has more effectively conveyed the theme of loneliness to the reader is by never letting the characters develop or change in Of Mice and Men. Very early in the novel we are introduced to George and Lennie as they are about to start new jobs on the ranch. The reader is made aware directly that Lennie has a mental disability, and really has no attachment to anyone or anything except George. We will write a custom essay on To what extent is Of Mice and Men more effective t specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Throughout the novel, this fact never changes. Lennies disability never alters, and he only cares for George. George is also never developed in the story. He feels greatly burdened by the responsibility of caring for Lennie. On page 7, he says, I could get along so easy and nice if I didnt have you on my tail. George almost wishes that he could lead a normal life; not the one hes living now. This mindset of wishing for more than he has continues throughout the novel. As well as wishing to not have to look after Lennie, he and Lennie share a common wish- to one day own their own land. Although George is a lot less enthusiastic (and a lot more realistic) about achieving this, he still longs for it. Its still something he hopes can be accomplished in his lifetime. Through the main characters thinking and acting the same for the course of the story, it doesnt give the reader any window of opportunity to bond or become closer to them- therefore escalating the overall feeling of loneliness much more effectively than Rainman does. The character development in Rainman is much more obvious. One of the main characters, Charlie, is extremely materialistic and self absorbed when we are first introduced to him. Throughout the course of the story we view major changes in his attitude and ways of thinking. An example of such an instance would be in the beginning of the story. We are shown Charlies ignorant, narrow minded way of thinking towards Rays disability, and as the story continues, Charlies thoughts towards Ray, and how he perceives his mental condition drastically change. By the end of the movie, we see to the full extent of how Charlies way of thinking and life in general have been changed and affected by Ray. Because of the actions of Charlie throughout the movie, and the way his character has developed, the writer does not accurately portray the theme of loneliness. This is because the viewer is shown and made aware of the growing love and friendship that develops between Ray and Charlie. The main characters, however, are not the only characters who have limited change and growth in Steinbecks novel. Crooks, the black man, is a prime example. He has to live in the harness room, away from the other men. Because racism was socially acceptable in the books time frame, he was isolated and degraded. This was a constant in the novel. He was referred to as Nigger constantly, and was even verbally assaulted by Curleys Wife- a character who was also slandered and labelled, but because of her gender. Well, you keep your place then, Nigger. I could get you strung up on a tree so easy it aint even funny. pg 85. None of the characters change their opinion on Crooks in the novel- hes always the crippl ed old Nigger. Of Mice and Men has limited development in the characters thoughts towards other characters, which more effectively fuels the sense of detachment and loneliness. This heightens the feeling of loneliness much more than Rainman does, because in Levinsons movie the minor characters also grow and show some development as the plot continues. The minor character Susanna, from Rainman, shows major changes in her mindset towards Ray by the end of the movie. Looking back in the film to when she is initially introduced to Ray, she extended her kindness towards him only as a means of keeping the peace between the two brothers, rather then through a genuine wish to make him feel welcome. As the story evolves, Susannas friendship towards Ray becomes something of her own free will rather then a forced gesture. This shows a strong development in Susannas mindset towards Ray, and because of this it does not effectively convey the theme of loneliness as powerfully as Steinbeck has in his novel. .ucb48207e17d2b4d91dd0435c6f18bcdf , .ucb48207e17d2b4d91dd0435c6f18bcdf .postImageUrl , .ucb48207e17d2b4d91dd0435c6f18bcdf .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ucb48207e17d2b4d91dd0435c6f18bcdf , .ucb48207e17d2b4d91dd0435c6f18bcdf:hover , .ucb48207e17d2b4d91dd0435c6f18bcdf:visited , .ucb48207e17d2b4d91dd0435c6f18bcdf:active { border:0!important; } .ucb48207e17d2b4d91dd0435c6f18bcdf .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ucb48207e17d2b4d91dd0435c6f18bcdf { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ucb48207e17d2b4d91dd0435c6f18bcdf:active , .ucb48207e17d2b4d91dd0435c6f18bcdf:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ucb48207e17d2b4d91dd0435c6f18bcdf .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ucb48207e17d2b4d91dd0435c6f18bcdf .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ucb48207e17d2b4d91dd0435c6f18bcdf .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ucb48207e17d2b4d91dd0435c6f18bcdf .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ucb48207e17d2b4d91dd0435c6f18bcdf:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ucb48207e17d2b4d91dd0435c6f18bcdf .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ucb48207e17d2b4d91dd0435c6f18bcdf .ucb48207e17d2b4d91dd0435c6f18bcdf-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ucb48207e17d2b4d91dd0435c6f18bcdf:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Kabuki A Japanese Form EssayAnother way Steinbeck effectively conveys the feeling of loneliness throughout his novel is by having only slight changes in the setting of the story The very beginning and the very end take place in the brush- the place George told Lennie to go if he did anything wrong. However, the rest of the book is set at the ranch, where Lennie and George work picking barley. This limited setting change gives Steinbeck a solid foundation, from which he can build upon to effectively portray loneliness to the reader through other means- such as the characters. This works excellently, because in Rainman, the backdrop is constantly changing, and this presents the viewer with a broad range of changing scenery. By having restricted setting change in Of Mice and Men, it lets the reader focus fully on the more important things, and therefore the themes are presented more efficiently. An additional theme that both these pieces share is the theme of friendship. Of Mice and Men, however, is nowhere near as effective in presenting this theme as Rainman is. Levinson lets us watch as Charlie and Ray go from not knowing each other, to forming a deep bond with one another. This development in their characters reels us further into the story, and the journey. Through the growth and change we can clearly see in Charlie and Ray, the theme of friendship is much more successfully displayed in Rainman. Because of Steinbecks intention to expand on the theme of loneliness, the friendship that George and Lennie have is left in the background. Rather then concentrating on the strong bond between the two, he instead chooses to pounce on the flaws which other characters possess. This, in turn, makes the reader somewhat forget about the special friendship of George and Lennie. Because both of these characters were never developed, the reader doesnt feel a part of their relationship. This pushes George and Lennies friendship even further out of the readers mind- making it very hard for them to identify with it. This greatly differs from the presentation of this theme in Rainman. The journey- both physically and emotionally- portray the theme of friendship much more effectively, through its gradual change. The physical journey, that is, the trip from Rays institute to Charlies car company, invites the viewer to see the bond that slowly develops throughout the film between Charlie and Ray. If this part of the plot never came to be, it would be extremely hard for the viewer to identify with their growing friendship. Because of the car trip, the viewer feels like they are right there with Charlie and Ray- through the good times and the bad- and feels extremely close to them. We bond with the characters and truly embrace the friendship they eventually possess. This varies from Of Mice and Men, because George and Lennies friendship was a constant, and like many other things in the novel, never changed. This factor isolated the reader away, which in effect amplified the sense of loneliness, rather than friendship. The emotional journey of Charlie and Ray also effectively showed the viewer the theme of friendship. Through meeting Ray, Charlie transformed himself spiritually into everything Ray needed- a loving, caring companion. Ray also changed slightly- which is amazing for an autistic person who bases their lives around routine and familiarity. By developing the characters personalities and thoughts on one another, the viewer is taken on the journey of change too. In Of Mice and Men, the reader is looking down on the happenings at the ranch, rather than being in the heart of the action. These differences overall portray the theme of friendship a lot more effectively in Rainman than in Of Mice and Men. In conclusion, the differing importance of loneliness and friendship in both pieces make it extremely difficult to say exactly how effective Of Mice and Men is in conveying these themes to the reader, in comparison with Rainman. Initially, superficial comparisons are made about each conveying a n equal amount of significance for both of the themes. However, after exploring what the major and minor themes were in the novel and film, and how both Steinbeck and Levinson efficiently portrayed only their major theme, it is easy to see that these two cannot be effectively compared to one another because of these differences.

The Clinton-Lewinsky Scandal essays

The Clinton-Lewinsky Scandal essays On January 17th, 1998, President Clinton videotaped a deposition for the Paula Jones lawsuit against him. December 19th, eleven months later, Bill Clinton became only the second president in our nation's history to face impeachment from congress. The 1998-1999 was a tumultuous year for the President, the media, and the American people as a whole. Yet, the most intriguing and surprising aspect of the scandal was not that Bill Clinton would ever cheat on his wife or that his administration would survive such a terrible scandal. Nor was it a revelation that the media would be zealously intrigued by a sex scandal involving the President. The one aspect of the Lewinksy Scandal that was truly interesting was the response of the public. Despite the knowledge that Clinton had an affair with an intern and probably lied about it, Clinton's job approval rating did not decrease or even stay the same- his ratings rose to levels approaching 70% Every time a new damning piece of evidence came to light, media pundits everywhere believed that Clinton's ratings would fall. Yet, they were wrong. The Republican Party believed that the scandal would finally bring down Clinton and his popular support. They also were wrong and paid a considerable political price. How did this happen? To help understand and explain this phenomenon, I will examine three political actors the President, the media, and the public - and their relationship with each other. I will discuss President Clinton's past and his history of scandals. The way that each actor has dealt with Clinton's scandal-ridden past has had an important effect on how each responded to and was affected by the Lewinsky Scandal. Each actor's respective response to the scandal will be illustrated and then explained. While many explanations have emerged to explain or at least make sense of the Lewinsky scandal and its effect on politics, I believe that the best explanation lies in studyi...

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Wrongful and Unfair Dismissals Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

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The Underwater Wireless Communications Information Technology Essay

The Underwater Wireless Communications Information Technology Essay Wireless communication technology today has become part of our daily life; the idea of wireless undersea communications may still seem far-fetched. However, research has been active for over a decade on designing the methods for wireless information transmission underwater. The major discoveries of the past decades, has motivated researches to carry out better and efficient ways to enable unexplored applications and to enhance our ability to observe and predict the ocean. The purpose of this paper is to introduce to the readers the basic concepts, architecture, protocols and modems used in underwater wireless communications. The paper also presents the difficulties faced in terms of power management and security, and the latest developments in the underwater wireless industry. Towards the end, we also discuss a wide range of applications of underwater wireless communication. Index Terms: Underwater Wireless Communication (UWCs), Medium Access Control (MAC), Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks (UAWSNs). I. INTRODUCTION In last several years, underwater sensor network (UWSN) has found an increasing use in a wide range of applications, such as coastal surveillance systems, environmental research, autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) operation, many civilian and military applications such as oceanographic data collection, scientific ocean sampling, pollution, environmental monitoring, climate recording, offshore exploration, disaster prevention, assisted navigation, distributed tactical surveillance, and mine reconnaissance. By deploying a distributed and scalable sensor network in a 3-dimensional underwater space, each underwater sensor can monitor and detect environmental parameters and events locally. Hence, compared with remote sensing, UWSNs provide a better sensing and surveillance technology to acquire better data to understand the spatial and temporal complexities of underwater environments. Some of these applications can be supported by underwater acoustic sensor networks (UWASNs), which consist of devices with sensing, processing, and communication capabilities that are deployed to perform collaborative monitoring tasks. Fig 1 gives a generalized diagram of an UWASN. Wireless signal transmission is also crucial to remotely control instruments in ocean observatories and to enable coordination of swarms of autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) and robots, which will play the role of mobile nodes in future ocean observation networks by virtue of their flexibility and reconfigurability. Present underwater communication systems involve the transmission of information in the form of sound, electromagnetic (EM), or optical waves. Each of these techniques has advantages and limitations. Acoustic communication is the most versatile and widely used technique in underwater environments due to the low attenuation (signal reduction) of sound in water. This is especially true in thermally stable, deep water settings. On the other hand, the use of acoustic waves in shallow water can be adversely affected by temperature gradients, surface ambient noise, and multipath propagation due to reflection and refraction. The much slower speed of acoustic propagation in water, about 1500 m/s (meters per second), compared with that of electromagnetic and optical waves, is another limiting factor for efficient communication and networking. Nevertheless, the currently favorable technology for underwater communication is upon acoustics. On the front of using electromagnetic (EM) waves in radio frequencies, conventional radio Figure1. Scenario of a UW-ASN composed of underwater and surface vehicles does not work well in an underwater environment due to the conducting nature of the medium, especially in the case of seawater. However, if EM could be working underwater, even in a short distance, its much faster propagating speed is definitely a great advantage for faster and efficient communication among nodes. Free-space optical (FSO) waves used as wireless communication carriers are generally limited to very short distances because the severe water absorption at the optical frequency band and strong backscatter from suspending particles. Even the clearest water has 1000 times the attenuation of clear air, and turbid water has more than 100 times the attenuation of the densest fog. Nevertheless, underwater FSO, especially in the blue-green wavelengths, offers a practical choice for high-bandwidth communication (10-150 Mbps, bits per second) over moderate ranges (10-100 meters). This communication range is much needed in harbor inspection, oil-rig maintenance, and linking submarines to land, just name a few of the demands on this front. In this paper we discuss the physical fundamentals and the implications of using acoustic waves as the wireless communication carrier in underwater environments in Section II, then we discuss an Overview of Routing Protocols for Underwater Wireless Communications in Section III. Section IV we discuss about the two networking architectures of UWSNS. Section V we discuss about acoustic modem technology and will describe Link Quest Incs Cutting-Edge Acoustic Modems in detail.. Section VI gives a comparison between ground based sensors with that of a Mobile UWSNs, Section VII we throw some light on the various applications of UWC. And finally we conclude the paper in Section VIII followed by references. II. ACOUSTIC WAVES Among the three types of waves, acoustic waves are used as the primary carrier for underwater wireless communication systems due to the relatively low absorption in underwater environments. We start the discussion with the physical fundamentals and the implications of using acoustic waves as the wireless communication carrier in underwater environments. Propagation velocity: The extremely slow propagation speed of sound through water is an important factor that differentiates it from electromagnetic propagation. The speed of sound in water depends on the water properties of temperature, salinity and pressure (directly related to the depth). A typical speed of sound in water near the ocean surface is about 1520 m/s, which is more than 4 times faster than the speed of sound in air, but five orders of magnitude smaller than the speed of light. The speed of sound in water increases with increasing water temperature, increasing salinity and increasing depth. Most of the changes in sound speed in the surface ocean are due to the changes in temperature. Approximately, the sound speed increases 4.0 m/s for water temperature arising 1C. When salinity increases 1 practical salinity unit (PSU), the sound speed in water increases 1.4 m/s. As the depth of water (therefore also the pressure) increases 1 km, the sound speed increases roughly 17 m/ s. It is noteworthy to point out that the above assessments are only for rough quantitative or qualitative discussions, and the variations in sound speed for a given property are not linear in general. Fig.2. a vertical profile of sound speed in seawater as the lump-sum function of depth Absorption: The absorptive energy loss is directly controlled by the material imperfection for the type of physical wave propagating through it. For acoustic waves, this material imperfection is the inelasticity, which converts the wave energy into heat. The absorptive loss for acoustic wave propagation is frequency-dependent, and can be expressed as e ®(f)d, where d is the propagation distance and  ®(f) is the absorption coefficient at frequency f. For seawater, the absorption coefficient at frequency f in kHz can be written as the sum of chemical relaxation processes and absorption from pure water where the first term on the right side is the contribution from boric acid, the second term is from the contribution of magnesium sulphate, and the third term is from the contribution of pure water; A1, A2, and A3 are constants; the pressure dependencies are given by parameters P1, P2 and P3; and the relaxation frequencies f1 and f2 are for the relaxation process in boric acid and magnesium sulphate, respectively. Fig. 3 shows the relative contribution from the different sources of absorption as a function of frequency. Fig.3. Absorption in generic seawater Multipath: An acoustic wave can reach a certain point through multiple paths. In a shallow water environment, where the transmission distance is larger than the water depth, wave reflections from the surface and the bottom generate multiple arrivals of the same signal. The Fig 4 illustrates the adverse effects of Multipath Propagation. In deep water, it occurs due to ray Fig 4: Shallow water multipath propagation: in addition to the direct path, the signal propagates via reflections from the surface and bottom. bending, i.e. the tendency of acoustic waves to travel along the axis of lowest sound speed. The channel response varies in time, and also changes if the receiver moves. Regardless of its origin, multipath propagation creates signal echoes, resulting in intersymbol interference in a digital communication system. While in a cellular radio system multipath spans a few symbol intervals, in an underwater acoustic channel it can spans few tens, or even hundreds of symbol intervals! To avoid the intersymbol interference, a guard time, of length at least equal to the multipath spread, must be inserted between successively transmitted symbols. However, this will reduce the overall symbol rate, which is already limited by the system bandwidth. To maximize the symbol rate, a receiver must be designed to counteract very long intersymbol interference. Path Loss: Path loss that occurs in an acoustic channel over a distance d is given as A= dka (f) d, where k is the path loss exponent whose value is usually between 1 and 2, and a(f) is the absorption factor that depends on the frequency f. This dependence severely limits the available bandwidth: for example, at distances on the order of 100 km, the available bandwidth is only on the order of 1 kHz. At shorter distances, a larger bandwidth is available, but in practice it is limited by that of the transducer. Also in contrast to the radio systems, an acoustic signal is rarely narrowband, i.e., its bandwidth is not negligible with respect to the center frequency. Within this limited bandwidth, the signal is subject to multipath propagation, which is particularly pronounced on horizontal channels. III ROUTING PROTOCOLS There are several drawbacks with respect to the suitability of the existing terrestrial routing solutions for underwater wireless communications. Routing protocols can be divided into three categories, namely, proactive, reactive, and geographical. Proactive protocols provoke a large signaling overhead to establish routes for the first time and each time the network topology is modified because of mobility, node failures, or channel state changes because updated topology information must be propagated to all network devices. In this way, each device can establish a path to any other node in the network, which may not be required in underwater networks. Also, scalability is an important issue for this family of routing schemes. For these reasons, proactive protocols may not be suitable for underwater networks. Reactive protocols are more appropriate for dynamic environments but incur a higher latency and still require source-initiated flooding of control packets to establish paths. Reactive protocols may be unsuitable for underwater networks because they also cause a high latency in the establishment of paths, which is amplified underwater by the slow propagation of acoustic signals. Geographical routing protocols are very promising for their scalability feature and limited signaling requirements. However, global positioning system (GPS) radio receivers do not work properly in the underwater environment. Still, underwater sensing devices must estimate their current position, irrespective of the chosen routing approach, to associate the sampled data with their 3D position. IV ARCHITECTURE In general, depending on the permanent vs on-demand placement of the sensors, the time constraints imposed by the applications and the volume of data being retrieved, we could roughly classify the aquatic application scenarios into two broad categories: long-term non-time-critical aquatic monitoring and short-term time-critical aquatic exploration. Fig 5: An illustration of the mobile UWSN architecture for long-term non-time-critical aquatic monitoring applications Fig. 5 illustrates the mobile UWSN architecture for long-term non-time-critical aquatic monitoring applications. In this type of network, sensor nodes are densely deployed to cover a spacial continuous monitoring area. Data are collected by local sensors, related by intermediate sensors, and finally reach the surface nodes (equipped with both acoustic and RF (Radio Frequency) modems), which can transmit data to the on-shore command center by radio. Since this type of network is designed for long-term monitoring task, then energy saving is a central issue to consider in the protocol design. Moreover, depending on the data sampling frequency, we may need mechanisms to dynamically control the mode of sensors (switching between sleeping modes, wake-up mode, and working mode). In this way, we may save more energy. Further, when sensors are running out of battery, they should be able to pop up to the water surface for recharge, for which a simple air-bladder-like device would suffice. Clearly, in the mobile UWSNs for long-term aquatic monitoring, localization is a must-do task to locate mobile sensors, since usually only location-aware data is useful in aquatic monitoring. In addition, the sensor location information can be utilized to assist data forwarding since geo-routing proves to be more efficient than pure flooding. Furthermore, location can help to determine if the sensors float crossing the boundary of the interested area. Fig 6: An illustration of the mobile UWSN architecture for short-term time-critical aquatic exploration applications In Fig. 6, we show a civilian scenario of the mobile UWSN architecture for short-term time-critical aquatic exploration applications. Assume a ship wreckage accident investigation team wants to identify the target venue. When the cable is damaged the ROV is out-of-control or not recoverable. In contrast, by deploying a mobile underwater wireless sensor network, as shown in Fig. 2, the investigation team can control the ROV remotely. The self-reconfigurable underwater sensor network tolerates more faults than the existing tethered solution. After investigation, the underwater sensors can be recovered by issuing a command to trigger air-bladder devices. As limited by acoustic physics and coding technology, high data rate networking can only be realized in high-frequency acoustic band in underwater communication. It was demonstrated by empirical implementations that the link bandwidth can reach up to 0.5Mbps at the distance of 60 meters. Such high data rate is suitable to deliver even multimedia data. Compared with the first type of mobile UWSN for long-term non-time-critical aquatic monitoring, the mobile UWSN for short-term time-critical aquatic exploration presents the following differences in the protocol design. Real-time data transfer is more of concern Energy saving becomes a secondary issue. Localization is not a must-do task. However, reliable, resilient, and secure data transfer is always a desired advanced feature for both types of mobile UWSNs. V ACOUSTIC MODEM TECHNOLOGY Acoustic modem technology offers two types of modulation/detection: frequency shift keying (FSK) with non-coherent detection and phase-shift keying (PSK) with coherent detection. FSK has traditionally been used for robust acoustic communications at low bit rates (typically on the order of 100 bps). To achieve bandwidth efficiency, i.e. to transmit at a bit rate greater than the available bandwidth, the information must be encoded into the phase or the amplitude of the signal, as it is done in PSK or Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM). The symbol stream modulates the carrier, and the so-obtained signal is transmitted over the channel. To detect this type of signal on a multipath-distorted acoustic channel, a receiver must employ an equalizer whose task is to unravel the intersymbol interference. A block diagram of an adaptive decision-feedback equalizer (DFE) is shown in Figure 7. In this configuration, multiple input signals, obtained Fig 7: Multichannel adaptive decision-feedback equalizer (DFE) is used for high-speed underwater acoustic communications. It supports any linear modulation format, such as M-ary PSK or M-ary QAM. from spatially diverse receiving hydrophones, can be used to enhance the system performance. The receiver parameters are optimized to minimize the mean squared error in the detected data stream. After the initial training period, during which a known symbol sequence is transmitted, the equalizer is adjusted adaptively, using the output symbol decisions. An integrated Doppler tracking algorithm enables the equalizer to operate in a mobile scenario. This receiver structure has been used on various types of acoustic channels. Current achievements include transmission at bit rates on the order of one kbps over long ranges (10-100 nautical miles) and several tens of kbps over short ranges (few km) as the highest rates reported to date. VI Mobile UWSNs and Ground- Based Sensor Networks A mobile UWSN is significantly different from any ground-based sensor network in terms of the following aspects: Communication Method: Electromagnetic waves cannot propagate over a long distance in underwater environments. Therefore, underwater sensor networks have to rely on other physical means, such as acoustic sounds, to transmit signals. Unlike wireless links among ground-based sensors, each underwater wireless link features large latency and low-bandwidth. Due to such distinct network dynamics, communication protocols used in ground-based sensor networks may not be suitable in underwater sensor networks. Specially, low-bandwidth and large-latency usually result in long end-to-end delay, which brings big challenges in reliable data transfer and traffic congestion control. The large latency also significantly affects multiple access protocols. Traditional random access approaches in RF wireless networks might not work efficiently in underwater scenarios. Node Mobility Most sensor nodes in ground-based sensor networks are typically static, though it is possible to implement interactions between these static sensor nodes and a limit amount of mobile nodes (e.g., mobile data collecting entities like mules which may or may not be sensor nodes). In contrast, the majority of underwater sensor nodes, except some fixed nodes equipped on surface-level buoys, are with low or medium mobility due to water current and other underwater activities. From empirical observations, underwater objects may move at the speed of 2-3 knots (or 3-6 kilometers per hour) in a typical underwater condition [2]. Therefore, if a network protocol proposed for ground-based sensor networks does not consider mobility for the majority of sensor nodes, it would likely fail when directly cloned for aquatic applications. Although there have been extensive research in groundbased sensor networks, due to the unique features of mobile UWSNs, new research at almost every level of the protocol suite is required. VII

Tokugawa Japan :: essays research papers

Midterm Question—1 Tokugawa Ieyasu was a great samurai fighter and cunning politician. In battle of Sekigahara Tokugawa defeated his major rivals and established Tokugawa government. His headquarter was established in village of Edo away from the imperial families in Kyoto. Ieyasu and successors choose to rule as shoguns, or feudal lords, demanding loyalty from the daimyo and exercising direct control only over their own territorial domains. The people saw the emperor as divine descent of sun goddess Amatersau, however, established the emperor as the ultimate source of political authority and surrounded the imperial throne with thicket of taboos that protected it from usurpation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tokugawa and his politicians created some policies to keep japan from rebelling and try to control over the society. They divided the feudal lords into three categories: Fudai, Shimpan and Tozama daimyos. The fudai daimyo, descended from members of the original tokugawa vassal band or men who had been made daimyo by Ieyasu and his successors, identified most closely with the interests of bakufu. Their territories frequently abutted Tokugawa lands, protecting their flanks, and the bakufu’s highest officials were drawn from their ranks. The Tozama daimyo were descended from allies of Ieyasu too strong to be considered his direct vassals or from daimyo that submitted to his suzerainty only after battle of Sekigahara. Their domains were large, on average twice the size of the fudai daimyo, and usually located on the periphery of the archipelago. The shimpan daimyo was newly created by the family, their houses were branch houses set up to placate the sons of elderly shoguns who did not inherit the office and to provide collateral successors to the main line.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1615, Tokugawa pass the law for military housing. Ieyasu created Sankin-Kotai or alternate attendance system. This required that each lord of daimyo to spend 6 months year spent in Edo. Policy kept daimyo lords on move and made them financial unstable. Tokugawa basically kept the lords in hostage while they were on move; this kept them from plotting against him. His government established Kyoto deputy. No one could visit the Tokugawa without the deputy’s approval. Marriage between imperial and emperor was to be approved by deputy too. There was class system that divided people into four categories: samurai, farmers, artist and merchants. Only samurai were allowed to carry the swords. When high-ranking officials walked down the street all the peasants had kneel to give him respect. Tokugawa Japan :: essays research papers Midterm Question—1 Tokugawa Ieyasu was a great samurai fighter and cunning politician. In battle of Sekigahara Tokugawa defeated his major rivals and established Tokugawa government. His headquarter was established in village of Edo away from the imperial families in Kyoto. Ieyasu and successors choose to rule as shoguns, or feudal lords, demanding loyalty from the daimyo and exercising direct control only over their own territorial domains. The people saw the emperor as divine descent of sun goddess Amatersau, however, established the emperor as the ultimate source of political authority and surrounded the imperial throne with thicket of taboos that protected it from usurpation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tokugawa and his politicians created some policies to keep japan from rebelling and try to control over the society. They divided the feudal lords into three categories: Fudai, Shimpan and Tozama daimyos. The fudai daimyo, descended from members of the original tokugawa vassal band or men who had been made daimyo by Ieyasu and his successors, identified most closely with the interests of bakufu. Their territories frequently abutted Tokugawa lands, protecting their flanks, and the bakufu’s highest officials were drawn from their ranks. The Tozama daimyo were descended from allies of Ieyasu too strong to be considered his direct vassals or from daimyo that submitted to his suzerainty only after battle of Sekigahara. Their domains were large, on average twice the size of the fudai daimyo, and usually located on the periphery of the archipelago. The shimpan daimyo was newly created by the family, their houses were branch houses set up to placate the sons of elderly shoguns who did not inherit the office and to provide collateral successors to the main line.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1615, Tokugawa pass the law for military housing. Ieyasu created Sankin-Kotai or alternate attendance system. This required that each lord of daimyo to spend 6 months year spent in Edo. Policy kept daimyo lords on move and made them financial unstable. Tokugawa basically kept the lords in hostage while they were on move; this kept them from plotting against him. His government established Kyoto deputy. No one could visit the Tokugawa without the deputy’s approval. Marriage between imperial and emperor was to be approved by deputy too. There was class system that divided people into four categories: samurai, farmers, artist and merchants. Only samurai were allowed to carry the swords. When high-ranking officials walked down the street all the peasants had kneel to give him respect.

Crisis Blown over

November 30, 1997 goes down in the history of a Bangalore-based electric company as the day nobody wanting it to recur but everyone recollecting it with sense of pride. It was a festive day for all the 700-plus employees. Festoons were strung all over, banners were put up; banana trunks and leaves adorned the factory gate, instead of the usual red flags; and loud speakers were blaring Kannada songs. It was day the employees chose to celebrate Kannada Rajyothsava, annual feature of all Karnataka-based organisations. The function was to start at 4 p. m. and everybody was eagerly waiting for the big event to take place. But the event, budgeted at Rs 1,00,000 did not take place. At around 2 p. m. , there was a ghastly accident in the machine shop. Murthy was caught in the vertical turret lathe and was wounded fatally. His end came in the ambulance on the way to hospital. The management sought union help, and the union leaders did respond with a positive attitude. They did not want to fish in troubled waters. Series of meetings were held between the union leaders and the management. The discussions centred around two major issues—(i) restoring normalcy, and (ii) determining the amount of compensation to be paid to the dependants of Murthy. Luckily for the management, the accident took place on a Saturday. The next day was a weekly holiday and this helped the tension to diffuse to a large extent. The funeral of the deceased took place on Sunday without any hitch. The management hoped that things would be normal on Monday morning. But the hope was belied. The workers refused to resume work. Again the management approached the union for help. Union leaders advised the workers to resume work in al departments except in the machine shop, and the suggestions was accepted by all. Two weeks went by, nobody entered the machine shop, though work in other places resumed. Union leaders came with a new idea to the management—to perform a pooja to ward off any evil that had befallen on the lathe. The management accepted the idea and homa was performed in the machine shop for about five hours commencing early in the morning. This helped to some extent. The workers started operations on all other machines in the machine shop except on the fateful lathe. It took two full months and a lot of persuasion from the union leaders for the workers to switch on the lathe. The crisis was blown over, thanks to the responsible role played by the union leaders and their fellow workers. Neither the management nor the workers wish that such an incident should recur. As the wages of the deceased grossed Rs 6,500 per month, Murthy was not covered under the ESI Act. Management had to pay compensation. Age and experience of the victim were taken into account to arrive at Rs 1,87,000 which was the amount to be payable to the wife of the deceased. To this was added Rs 2,50,000 at the intervention of the union leaders. In addition, the widow was paid a gratuity and a monthly pension of Rs 4,300. And nobody’s wages were cut for the days not worked. Murthy’s death witnessed an unusual behavior on the part of the workers and their leaders, and magnanimous gesture from the management. It is a pride moment in the life of the factory. Question: 1. Do you think that the Bangalore-based company had practised participative management? 2. If your answer is yes, with what method of participation (you have read in this chapter) do you relate the above case? 3. If you were the union leader, would your behaviour have been different? If yes, what would it be?

As Christians we do have responsibilities for other people Essay Example

As Christians we do have responsibilities for other people Essay Example As Christians we do have responsibilities for other people Essay As Christians we do have responsibilities for other people Essay As Christians we do have responsibilities for other people. We should love, care and help our neighbours.Christians believe that God created everyone equal, and that we were all created in the image of God (Genesis chapter 1), because of this we also believe that we have the duty to care for others as well as ourselves. To be a Christian, we have to be stewards of the earth. Stewards look after the world God created, this includes humans as we live in it.In the New Testament we have several teachings where Jesus encourages us to love our neighbours. We see that we help all kinds of people regarding their religion or what they look like in The Good Samaritan when a Samaritan helps a man who has been beaten up and had his money stolen, and the man is a Levite and he would probably expect the least amount of help from a Samaritan as their people dont like each other. The Samaritan bandaged the mans wounds and took him to an inn and told them to look after him with my money. We learn fro m this parable that we should help our neighbour when they are in trouble or they need it.Love the Lord your God with all your heart and with all your soul and with all your mind and with all your strength is the great commandment. You cannot keep this commandment if you do not respect other humans, as they are also Gods creation. Love all your neighbour as yourself and you will keep Gods wishes.In another parable The Sheep and Goats Jesus explains that Christians will be judged on the last day on how they helped those in need. There are examples of giving food to the hungry , visiting a sick person, welcoming a stranger. Those people who have done these things will go to heaven As you did it to one of the least of my brothers, you did it to me and those who havent will go to hell. We learn that everything we do to our neighbours we do to God and if you dont help your neighbours , you do not help God.We believe in the Incarnation, that Jesus Christ is really and truly God and he was on Earth and in flesh. Jesus loved, cared and helped everyone he could and we should follow in his footsteps.Catechism 2258 Human life is sacred because from its beginning it involves the creative action of God and it remains forever in a special relationship with the Creator, who is its sole end. God alone is the Lord of life from its beginning until its end: no one can under any circumstance claim for himself the right directly- to destroy an innocent human being. In this catechism the Roman Catholic church tells us that life is sacred because God gave us life. We should cherish our lives and the life of others by helping them. Life is a precious gift from God; we should live our lives to the fullest. To show God we appreciate his gift we should also help others live their lives to the fullest. As a member of the Catholic Church your relationship with God should always be getting stronger, like confirmation and to prove your faith and to get closer to God you have to help others and you have to take that responsibility.Catechism 2069 One cannot honour another person without blessing God his creator. One cannot adore God without loving all men, his creatures. If you believe and say you are a Christian, you cannot ignore the needs of others. If you ignore the needs of others you are a hypocrite. This catechism is about putting your words into actions Actions speaks louder than words. We learn from the papal documents that we have the responsibility to protect the dignity of human lives. We need to work for the kingdom of God by helping others. We must help others and reject discrimination and show basic equality. In the Decree on the Apostle of Lay People we learn that Lay people share in the mission of the church to spread the Kingdom of God all over the earth. Lay people believe that kindness and love to others is the point on which all people will be judged.A great Christian example to follow is Oscar Romero. He was born in Ciudad Barrios, a town in the m ountainous east of El Salvador, on 15 August 1917..He went to a seminary in San Miguel, then to the capital San Salvador, and from there to Rome. He was ordained in 1942. In January 1944 he was across the city. In 1970, he became auxiliary bishop of San Salvador, and there he busied himself with administration.. In 1974, he became bishop of a rural diocese, Santiago de Maria. Three years later, in February 1977, Oscar Romero became archbishop of San Salvador.In that month soldiers in the town square of the capital attacked crowds of protesters. Then, on 12 March 1977, a priest was murdered, in Aguilares. He recognized that power lay in the hands of violent men, and that they murdered with impunity. The wealthy sanctioned the violence that maintained them. Death squads committed murder in the cities while soldiers killed as they wished in the countryside. More and more Romero committed himself to the poor and the persecuted,, his church began to document the abuse of human rights, an d to establish the truth in a country governed by lies, where men and women simply disappeared without account.But when a succession of priests were murdered Romero found in their deaths testimony of a church incarnated in the problems of its people. On 24 March 1980, he was suddenly shot dead while celebrating mass in the chapel of the hospital where he lived. Oscar Romero devoted his time to help those who were poor and were persecuted, he did not have to do anything but he chose to and thats why he is a good example to follow. Christians should show more often that life is sacred by helping other people like Oscar Romero.

All About New Hampshire Colony

All About New Hampshire Colony New Hampshire was one of the 13 original colonies of the United States and was  founded in 1623. The land in the New World was granted to Captain John Mason, who named the new settlement after his homeland in Hampshire County, England. Mason sent settlers to the new territory to create a fishing colony. However, he died before seeing the place where he had spent a considerable amount of money building towns and defenses. Fast Facts: New Hampshire Colony Also Known As: Royal Province of New Hampshire, Upper Province of MassachusettsNamed After: Hampshire, EnglandFounding Year: 1623Founding Country: EnglandFirst Known European Settlement: David Thomson, 1623; William and Edward Hilton, 1623Residential Native Communities: Pennacook and Abenaki (Algonkian)Founders: John Mason, Ferdinando Gorges, David ThomsonImportant People: Benning Wentworth  First Continental Congressmen: Nathaniel Folsom; John SullivanSigners of the Declaration: Josiah Bartlett, William Whipple, Matthew Thornton New England New Hampshire was one of the four New England Colonies, along with Massachusetts Bay, Connecticut, and Rhone Island colonies. The New England colonies were one of three groups comprising the 13 original colonies. The other two groups were the Middle Colonies and the Southern Colonies. Settlers of the New England Colonies enjoyed mild summers but endured very harsh long winters. One advantage of the cold  was that it helped to limit the spread of disease, a considerable problem in the warmer climates of the Southern Colonies.   Early Settlement Under the direction of Captain John Mason and his short-lived Laconia Company, two groups of settlers arrived at the mouth of the Piscataqua River and established two fishing communities, one at the mouth of the river and one eight miles upstream. David Thomson set sail for New England in 1623, with 10 others and his wife, and landed and established a plantation at the mouth of the Piscataqua, near what is Rye called Odiornes Point; it only lasted for a few years. About the same time, London fishmongers William and Edward Hilton set up a colony at  Hiltons Point near Dover. The Hiltons obtained financial support to buy land in 1631, and by 1632, a group of  66 men and 23 women were sent out to the budding colony.  Ã‚  Other early settlements include Thomas Warnertons Strawberry Bank near Portsmouth and Ambrose Gibbons at Newichawannock.   Fish, whales, fur, and timber were important natural resources for the New Hampshire colony. Much of the land was rocky and not flat, so agriculture was limited. For sustenance, settlers grew wheat, corn, rye, beans, and various squashes. The mighty old-growth trees of New Hampshires forests were prized by the English Crown for their use as ships masts. Many of the first settlers came to New Hampshire, not in search of religious freedom but rather to seek their fortunes through trade with England, primarily in fish, fur, and timber. Native Inhabitants The primary tribes of Native Americans living in the New Hampshire territory when the English arrived were the Pennacook and Abenaki, both Algonquin speakers. The early years of English settlement were relatively peaceful. Relations between the groups began to deteriorate in the latter half of the 1600s, largely due to leadership changes in New Hampshire and to problems in Massachusetts that led to a migration of native people into New Hampshire. The town of Dover was a focal point of struggle between the settlers and the Pennacook, where settlers built numerous garrisons for defense (giving Dover the nickname Garrison City that persists today). The Pennacook attack on June 7, 1684, is remembered as the Cochecho Massacre.   New Hampshire Independence Control of the New Hampshire colony changed several times before the colony declared its independence. It was a Royal Province prior to 1641 when it was claimed by the Massachusetts Bay Colony and was dubbed the Upper Province of Massachusetts. In 1680, New Hampshire  returned to its status as a Royal Province, but this lasted only until 1688 when it again became part of Massachusetts. New Hampshire regained independence- from Massachusetts, not from England- in 1741. At that time, the people elected Benning Wentworth as its own governor and remained under his leadership until 1766. New Hampshire sent two men to the First Continental Congress in 1774: Nathaniel Folsom and John Sullivan. Six months before the signing of the Declaration of Independence, New Hampshire became the first colony to declare its independence from England. Josiah Bartlett, William Whipple, and Matthew Thornton signed the Declaration for New Hampshire. The colony became a state in 1788.  Ã‚   Sources and Further Reading Daniell, Jere R. Colonial New Hampshire: A History. University Press of New England, 1981.Morison, Elizabeth Forbes, and Elting E. Morison. New Hampshire: A Bicentennial History. New York: W. W. Norton, 1976.Whitney, D. Quincy. Hidden History of New Hampshire. Charleston, SC: The History Press, 2008.

ASSIGN2_SMT Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

ASSIGN2_SMT - Coursework Example es out by the soil’s own weight, new sediment fails to replenish the loss casing a loss of 4 feet of land at the mouth of Mississippi every 100 years. 8. Thousands of miles of web like navigation canals are responsible for destroying 10% to 30% of the marshes. These canals are also responsible for an unknown percent of land loss because they cut off marshes from natural water flow, opening them up to salt water intrusion and erosion. 9. Salt water from the Gulf moves inland through canals and waterways killing fresh water plants that can’t stand the salt. As the plants die, the soil their roots hold together is eroded away, destroying marshes and wetlands. 12. From 1932 to 2000, Louisiana lost nearly 2,000 square miles of land bringing Gulf of Mexico near to the resident’s backyards. If nothing is done to stop the current situation, geologists predict an additional 7,000 miles of land could disappear by 2020. 13. New Orleans should not be built again. The coast line of New Orleans is very dangerous and it will soon be destroyed again because the city is protected by the levees which contribute to land loss. 21. Hurricane Katrina occurred because some levees in New Orleans were replaced with walls approximately 2 feet thick to widen the canal which fell during the hurricane (Hurricane Katrina Relief, 2010). 22. The nature or Hurricane Katrina changed dramatically from 28 to 29 August. Studies suggest that this change in nature from tropical storm to a category 5 and then back to category 3, is directly associated with the land fall in Louisiana (Richard D. Knabb, 2005). 25. It is said the damage done by Hurricane Katrina could have been avoided. The state was aware of the intensity of the hurricane and should have taken measures to avoid the death of 1,300 people. It is said that the military lacked cooperation with the Homeland Security and other relief agencies (Fox news, 2006). 26. It is not possible to prove that global warming caused Hurricane

Interim Financial Reporting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Interim Financial Reporting - Essay Example The fundamental goal of interim financial reporting is to present regular and timely evaluations of a business’s performance. There are certain intrinsic limitations of interim reporting. Owing to the shortened time periods involved, inaccuracies in assessment and allocation are amplified. The consequences of seasonal fluctuations, as well as momentary market circumstances, further limit the dependability, comparability and extrapolative significance of interim reports (Motiwalla, 2003). IAS 34 & Interim Financial Reporting The IFRS had formulated several accounting standards that are supposed to be observed by business organizations while preparing their accounting reports. The accounting standard IAS 34 delineates the requirements for the preparation of interim financial reports. IAS 34 is applicable when a business organisation chooses to issue an interim financial report that is compliant with the IFRSs. ... his standard also recommends codes for recognition and measurement in the preparation of comprehensive or abridged financial statements for a provisional time period. Apt and consistent interim financial reporting enhances the ability of creditors, investors and other financial report users to recognise an organisation’s financial situation and liquidity, as well as its competence to generate income and cash flow (European Commission, 2011, pp. 1-3). IAS 34 does not provide any directive as to what kinds of organisations are supposed to issue interim financial reports, how frequent issuance should be, or after what period following the completion of an interim phase an issuance should be made. Nevertheless, often all across the world, organisations whose shares are listed on exchanges and traded in markets have been required by governments and other authorities, such as securities regulators and stock exchanges, to issue interim financial reports. The International Accounting Standards Board, and later on the International Accounting Standards Committee, has repeatedly persuaded publicly listed organisations to issue interim financial reports. These interim reports are supposed to be compliant with the codes of recognition, disclosure and measurement, as defined in the IAS 34 (Deloitte, 2006, pp. 4-6). Organisations listed on exchanges are particularly pressured to prepare and issue interim financial reports at the end of the first six months of the financial year, and are typically asked to issue their interim financial reports no more than 60 days after to the completion of the interim phase (European Commission, 2011, pp. 6-8). The annual or interim financial reports of organisations are assessed individually to check their compliance with the IFRSs. If an